Secure multi-party computation (SMPC) is a cryptographic method that allows multiple parties to jointly compute a function over their inputs while keeping those inputs private from each other. In SMPC, each participant’s data remains confidential, and only the final output of the computation is shared among the parties. The process is designed so that no individual party learns anything about the other participants’ inputs beyond what can be inferred from the output. This technique is useful in scenarios where parties need to collaborate and derive results from combined data without revealing their sensitive information, such as in collaborative data analysis, voting systems, or financial transactions. SMPC ensures that data privacy is maintained throughout the computation process, even in potentially untrusted environments.