A hardware security module (HSM) is a dedicated physical device designed to manage and safeguard digital keys, perform encryption and decryption operations, and ensure secure cryptographic processing. HSMs provide a highly secure environment for generating, storing, and handling cryptographic keys, protecting them from unauthorized access and tampering. These modules are used in various applications, including securing financial transactions, protecting sensitive data, and ensuring the integrity of digital identities. By offloading cryptographic functions to an HSM, organizations can enhance the security of their cryptographic operations and comply with stringent regulatory requirements.